Tobacco Essay Topics - a Short Outline

Tobacco Essay Topics - a Short Outline To make sure you are on the most suitable way you require help in writing your paperwork. Numerous advertising campaigns are performed to be able to make people believe in the fantastic sides of smoking tobacco. In the majority of cases, you want to produce a topic which will allow other people to realize your standpoint, and telling them to feel that what you write is true. When you're picking your topic, bear in mind that it's much simpler to write about something which you presently have interest ineven in case you don't know a great deal about it. Tobacco use of any sort is hurtful to the body and their health since there are lots of critical health risks in using tobacco solutions. So here is a great solution for this problem. Perhaps, the best method to block the habit is making smoking tobacco illegal. While helping our survival in earlier times the fight-or-flight response isn't a good fit for modern life. An excessive amount of money isn't a good thing. In locations where folks smoke freely, it is normal to find cigarette stubs strewn all over. Even though in recent years various anti-tobacco campaigns are put into action, there continue to be huge numbers of people who prefer inhaling dangerous smoke in their lungs rather than living a healthful and happy life without it. Therefore, folks feel that cigarettes and other tobacco products ought to be made illegal. Tobacco Essay Topics for Dummies As a result, a person suffers fatigue. In the same way, smoking among parents may result in impotence. You might have to underline the source of the prevailing prejudice in young men and women particularly. Although it's common, student has to find right to become superior grades. Addiction to smoking results in dependency. Since the cancer affects one of the most critical organs, it is tough to treat and often fatal. Smoking around children isn't a good influence that makes them believe that smoking is suitable. Cardiovascular diseases are the major cause of death worldwide. Why Almost Everything You've Learned About Tobacco Essay Topics Is Wrong Moral argumentative essay topics are a few of the simplest to get carried away with. Your essay should consist of recent statistics and data from reliable sources. Persuasive essay is also referred to as the argument essay. Writing a persuasive, argumentative essay can be challenging, and at times it can find a little confusing. When it has to do with writing an argumentative essay, the main point to do is to select a topic and an argument you can really get behind. First off, pick a topic that's interesting for you before you think how others are going to react to it. You should first pick a good topic w ith an argument, credible information to strengthen your viewpoint, a good stance on your side, and a great counter-argument that will help you sound less biased. To the contrary, you might not have been provided a particular topic in any way. The authentic leadership essay is simple to read and understand. Following are a few of the advised sociology essay topic for those students that are unable to pick a great topic for their assignment. Make certain you realize the assignment properly. In case you've got this kind of assignment so that you're freaking out, just take it simple and look at other opportunities. Such essays shall have a good deal of quotations, based just on facts and laws, and show no more than the true picture of the circumstance. Writing an argumentative essay can at times be confusing as you don't necessarily understand how to compose a convincing argument. In an issue of speaking, picking out persuasive essay topics is similar to telling yourself what you wish to convey to the rest of the planet. Occasionally, selecting a great argumentative essay topics will be quite tough.

Analysis Of The Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne...

Jacob Bretzke November 1, 2016 Period 4 Dimmesdale’s Poetic Justice In life people tend to compare their actions to others going through the same thing. Doing this can give people a temporary sense of comfort knowing that they are not alone in their sin or wrongdoings. This action of comparing separates successful people and unsuccessful people. Those who achieve success don t need to make excuses as they know it will get them nowhere, as people who don t reach success make up reasons why they are this way. If people live out this lie they are becoming a victim, this mentality that they are average and no worse than others can actually make them bitter and unsuccessful. In the book The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne a puritan society is plagued by hypocrisy and sin. The three main characters Hester Prynne, Roger Chillingworth, and Arthur Dimmesdale are all endowed with a deep underlying sin. Out of the three Dimmesdale is the worst sinner in the town because he is a coward for not admitting his sin. Dimmesdale is not only the most complex character in the book but his way of self pity and guilt give a sense of confusion among the other characters. Dimmesdale displays his cowardice many times in The Scarlet Letter. He does this because he is scared to admit his sin in fear that the town will reject him. Dimmesdale had many great opportunities to admit his sin and learn to live with what he had but he always had ways to justify his sin. He told HesterShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter Essay1234 Words   |  5 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne, in The Scarlet Letter, and Daniel Solove in his piece about â€Å"Shaming and the Digital Scarlet Letter† show that one who lives two lives with two dual personalities, purposefully or accidentally, can live the lie for only so long before he makes a mistake, becomes confused, and betrays his identity. The two lives that one leads most often have one persona used to conceal the other personality that society typically shuns, and he chooses to have these two personalities. He choosesRead MoreAnalysis Of `` The Scarlet Letter `` By Nathaniel Hawthorne1445 Words   |  6 Pagesnotable mishaps in our history. â€Å"It’s not how many times you get knocked down that counts, it’s how many times you get back up. - George A. Custer†. Hester Prin endured this saying every day after marked with the fateful letter â€Å"A† for adultery. Nathaniel Hawthorne, wrote,The Scarlet Letter, about a women that was marked by society and thus placed on the outside of general population, she was barely human. Underneath the obvious plot of the book are many themes, one of which can be attributed to life hasRead MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter 1452 Words   |  6 PagesJunhee Chung A.P English Language August 20, 2015 Novel Analysis Assignment The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne Plot and Conflict The Crucible is a story that revolves around the Salem Witch Trials. The novel takes place in Salem Massachusetts in 1692. It starts off with the local pastor, Reverend Parris, catching a group of girls, one of them his daughter and one of them being his niece, practicing witchcraft in the woods. Abigail is the leader of the group of girls, and her motive forRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter 1877 Words   |  8 PagesRhetorical Analysis During the 17th century, a Puritan commonwealth presided over Boston and was known for its strict adherence to religious, moral and social codes. In The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne utilizes rhetorical strategies in order to denounce the Puritan system of beliefs and bring to light the hypocrisy of the Puritan community as he tells the agonizing story of a young woman who was condemned by society. In passage 1, the Hawthorne employs an allusion when he explains that HesterRead MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter 1606 Words   |  7 PagesMarin Fallon Mrs. Janosy English 2H 23 November 2015 Sin in the The Scarlet Letter The story of The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne is one with many twists and turns. A young woman moves to Boston, Massachusetts while her husband takes care of affairs in England. After two years pass she secretly has an affair with the Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale. When she becomes pregnant and gives birth to her daughter Pearl, the town punishes her for committing the act of adultery. She is sentenced to standRead MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter Essay1368 Words   |  6 PagesCharacters’ Name in The Scarlet Letter† (2015), suggests that Nathaniel Hawthorne uses symbolism to greatly enhance the importance of three of the main characters in his novel. Lei supports her suggestion by talking about the different ways in which each character’s name is symbolic, and how that directly correlates with their characteristics and their actions. Lei’s purpose is to elaborate on the depth of the main characters names in order to revea l to the reader how Hawthorne implicitly makes theRead MoreCharacter Analysis of Hester from The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne977 Words   |  4 PagesCharacter Analysis of Hester from The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne With nothing now to lose in the sight of mankind, and with no hope, and seemingly no wish, of gaining anything, it could only be a genuine regard for virtue that had brought back the poor wanderer to its paths. (153) With his precise diction Nathaniel Hawthorne displays an interesting conflict based on a disagreement between the protagonist, Hester Prynne, and the strict Puritan society around her in his novel TheRead MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter 1503 Words   |  7 PagesMartinez Mrs. Lee English 3H, Period 2 9 December 2015 Judgement Day American author, Nathaniel Hawthorne, felt guilty about the intolerance of his Puritan ancestors, one of whom judged at the Salem witch trials. He utilized his passionate sentiments regarding Puritanism as an inspiration for his iconic literary work, The Scarlet Letter; in which he does not embrace but rather critiques Puritan ideology. Because Hawthorne has fathomed the Puritan community, he favors to provide a more in depth understandingRead MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter 1217 Words   |  5 PagesBotts 1 McKenzie Botts Mrs. Eron English 2330, Section 02 November 10, 2014 A Sin is a Sin Nathaniel Hawthorne was a brilliant writer of the 19th century. Hawthorne created a novel that reflected the time period of the Puritans in New England. The Scarlet Letter contains a representation of the people during that time period but can also be related to the reader’s time period. Originally, God created the world with complete perfection until man fell, and sin entered the world. In the eyes of GodRead MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter1371 Words   |  6 Pagesmoney or a cost that cannot be remedied in the physical world. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne illustrates the high cost of identity and selfhood in society. Through the protagonist Hester Prynne, Hawthorne reveals the societal standards regarding chastity and sin that drive the high cost of identity and selfhood in society and their relation to the physical and metaphysical worlds. In addition, Hawthorne uses the townspeople of Boston, such as the old wom en in the town,

Case Study Analysis On Respiratory Drugs

Questions: 1. Provide the rationale for why Ms. Bremmer is prescribed these inhalers. 2. What contraindications or precautions would eliminate the use of these drugs for Ms. Bremmer? 3. What patient variables are most important to consider for Ms. Bremmer when assessing her drug therapy? 4. What aspects of core drug knowledge (pharmacotherapeutics, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics) are especially relevant to consider because they may interact with the patient variables? 5. Which of the findings from the nursing assessment demonstrate the effectiveness of drug therapy? 6. Which of the findings from the nursing assessment demonstrate possible adverse effects from the drug therapy? 7. What nursing actions are indicated to maximize therapeutic effects? 8. What nursing actions are indicated to minimize adverse effects? 9. What teaching is required for Ms. Bremmer regarding her drug therapy? Include list of any additional data needed to determine appropriate teaching. Answers: 1. Albuterol causes increased airflow to the lungs and relaxes the bronchial muscles. Tina (TB) was found to have obstructive airway complication and hence for bronchospasm condition, this is most suitable. Flunisolide is corticosteroids class of drug and is useful in reduction of any irritation or swelling in the airway passage. Other concern such as blood pressure and body temperature is normal for TB, thus these medications are optimum for the present case. 2. Contractions as such related to any disease or disorder should be mentioned to the physician, to recommend accurate medication and avoid any adverse effect. These are: Cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure and heart failure Seizure or episodes related to epilepsy Diabetes Thyroid Chemotherapeutic usage for Flunisolide. 3. Pregnancy is one of the concerns, where these choices of drug are not suitable. Other than, this thyroid or cardiovascular disorder may worsen the condition with the use of both Albuterol and Flunisolide usage. These can increase cardiac rhythm and are prone to cause infraction like condition. 4. Albuterol have 50 % of oral bioavailability and acts longer for 4-6 hours. It has side effect of palpitation and muscle tremors, increases BP and act for ACh release, thus should not be given with cardiovascular complications. Flunisolide has adverse drug reactions with chemotherapeutic agent and should not be prescribed for concurrent use. 5. Lungs sound have bilateral wheezes and diminished sounds at bases, which reveals obstructive airway complication and difficulty in breathing. This also confirms that the concern is related to bronchospasm, thus use of Albuterol is appropriate. Since the incidence happens in the campus on cold fall day, it might be related to season rhinitis and thus Flunisolide is used for prescription. 6. The adverse effects are with respect to inhaler used before coming to ER. These are confirmed with Pulse oximetry 92% on admission sO2 (oxygen-haemoglobin saturation, and low respiration of 26 and shallow characteristics. 7. The initial assessment is important which helps in obtaining the information related to pulse rate, body temperature, respiration rate and blood pressure. The sound assessment of lungs are critical in finding the possible explanation related to bronchospasm. These assessments are effective in minimizing any adverse drug reaction with recommendation of medication. Other than this, monitoring of patient condition is crucial after inhalation with the inhale administration. 8. Monitoring of the patient condition is crucial. Bronchospasm can induce as well as aggravate the cough. Nurses should assess whether TB have bronchial hyperreactivity, so that activation of the pulmonary receptors should not trigger any more cough and bronchoconstriction. Thus airflow, blood pressure and cardiac rate should be checked, for increasing the effectiveness of the medication. 9. Educating TB is also important for reducing the chances of reoccurrence of ill consequences and management of emergency. The approach for medication use should be taught to TB, which is very much essential, such as timing of the inhaler usage, pre-prandial or post meal usage, number of dose (two puff every 4 hours or every day for Albuterol and Flunisolide respectively). Other than this food habits and avoiding exposure to allergic agents including avoidance from dust, spicy food should be instructed. Use of woolen cloths is requisite to prevent stimulation of nociception and thermoreceptor by cold is also included in effective teaching scope. References: Lilley, L. L., Collins, S. R., Snyder, J. S. (2012). Pharmacology and the Nursing Process7: Pharmacology and the Nursing Process. Elsevier Health Sciences.

The Great Gatsby Essays - The Great Gatsby, English-language Films

The Great Gatsby In today society, many people like to follow the current. They want to catch the wave. Which mean, it does not matter if things were good or bad, right or wrong, they just follow and do them without any thinking. Therefore, there are not too many people would like to be a normal, thoughtful nor neutral person. However, in the novel, The Great Gatsby, by Scott Fitzgerald, one of the character name is Nike Carroway, he was the good and neutral narrator. It was because, in the novel, he analyzed all of the things with regard to accuracy of observation. In The Great Gatsby, when Mr.Gatsby told Vick he wanted to return the past over again with his lover- Daisy, Nike Carroway warned him to give it up, because it was impossible. Unforturately, Mr.Gatsby was not believe it. So at the end, Mr.Gatsby's dream still had not came true because Daisy did not break up with Tom and go with him. It can be seen in the last chapter on the novel, when Gatsby was murder, Daisy went to somewhere else with her husband, and did not go to Gatsby's funeral. I called up Daisy half and hour after we found him, called her instinctively and without hersitation. But she and Tom had gone away early that afternoon, and taken baggage with them. Therefore, Nike Carroway's analysis was right by these clear observation. However, Nike Carroway is a good narrator, he sees everything happen and does not trust everybody easily. So during the people discuss about something at a time, he does not believe it is true. After he proves it, he will accept the truth. Moreover, when Nike went to Gatsby's party, there is a drunk lady telling everyone Gatsby killed a man before. Somebody told me they thought he killed a man once. Also, there is one more lady said that Gatsby was a German spy: It is more that he was a German spy during the war. Nike heard it, but when Nike had a chance to have a lunch with Gatsby, he told Nike, he was an Oxford man and show him that fought in World War One. Then Nike knew Gatsby was not a German Spy nor a murderer. Furthermore, at the end of the novel, when Daisy drove Gatsby's car and killed Mrs.Wilson in a car accident, Nike's first though Gatsby killed Mrs.Wilson. But after Gatsby told him all of the things at that moment, then Nike was thinking and discuss between Gatsby and Tom's speaking, and make his own conclusion. Therefore, Nike was a thoughtful man and his is not afraid to face anything around him. By these facts, he had a clear mind and reliable in his observations, so it can make people believe Nike Carroways was a neutral and clear mind narrator of this novel, because this can be seen in Nike's personality. In the novel, Nike was also a neutral narrator too becasue he is the narrator who described everything clearly and accurately. He was trustful because he described everything without any personal point of view; By the way, throughout the whole story, he didn't defenses for any characters nor put any of his self-feeling in it. That's why he is a character who strived for neutrality. On the other hand, when Mr.Gatsby tells Tom that Daisy will leave Tom because she loves Tom no more, it's full of fire's atomsphere and emotion. " I've got something to tell you, old sport- " began Gatsby. But Daisy guessed at his intention. " Please don't!" she interrupted helplessly." Please let's all go home. Why don't we all go home?" " That's a good idea." I got up. " Come on, Tom. Nobody wants a drink." " I want to know what Mr.Gatsby has to tell me." " Your wife doesn't love you," said Gatsby. "She's never loved you. She loves me." At that time, if Nike was not in a neutral position, he must help Gatsby or Tom. But, he did not join in the argument between Gatsby and Tom. He just put himself in a corner, keeping quiet and see whatelse would happened in page 131 to page 135. Therefore, we can see that Nike was a neutral man

3 Examples of Slang in Journalistic Content

3 Examples of Slang in Journalistic Content 3 Examples of Slang in Journalistic Content 3 Examples of Slang in Journalistic Content By Mark Nichol There is always a tension in language usage about achieving a balance between sesquipedalian obfuscation and, um, like, you know, overly casual language. Ultimately, clarity on the writer’s part and fluency on the part of the readership are the key criteria for whether content succeeds in communicating ideas, knowledge, and information, and writers can be flexible about linguistic register based on context. However, it can be unsettling for older readers and those for whom English is not their first language when they read journalistic content online; there is a trend among some news outlets to make content both more accessible and more potent by using slang. Note the following examples, all of which involve vivid verbs: 1. The twenty-year veteran anchor of Today was abruptly canned. Canned, slang for â€Å"discharged from employment† (perhaps from the analogy of putting the terminated employee in a garbage can), can also, in the form can, mean â€Å"score,† as when a scoring attempt in basketball or golf is successful (from comparison of the basket or hole to a can), or â€Å"put a stop to,† as in the dated command â€Å"Can the chatter† (â€Å"Stop talking†), from the notion of containing one’s speech in a can. (As an adjective, canned means â€Å"lacking originality† or â€Å"prepared in advance,† with the notion that a canned speech or canned music, for example, was retrieved ready-made from a can.) 2. The motocross rider must soar over the train and then stick a landing on the hillside across the tracks. Stick, originally employed in reference to executing a flawless landing in a gymnastics competition,  apparently comes from the comparison of the gymnast’s contact with the floor with piercing or stabbing something. Stick may also refer to tricking someone into paying a bill, or overcharging someone, or to baffling or cheating someone, as well as to remaining in place or being halted. 3. They decided to spike the draft when the agency released its guidance in 2014. Similarly, here, spike alludes to the previous practice in clerical routines of impaling a document on a spike when done with it; the term also refers to submitted content that is rejected for publication or to blocking or suppressing information. As a noun, spike is used informally to refer to a sudden sharp increase, as in temperature or power consumption, or prices or rates; this usage is based on the shape of marks made on a graph to represent such a change. In verb form, spike might also pertain to a stimulant added to a substance, or to an analogous figurative addition (as in spiking a speech with jokes). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Types of LanguageThe Many Forms of the Verb TO BEShow, Don't Tell

Increasing, Decreasing, and Constant Returns to Scale

Increasing, Decreasing, and Constant Returns to Scale The term returns to scale  refers to how well a business or company is producing its products. It tries to pinpoint increased production in relation to factors that contribute to production over a period of time. Most production functions include both labor and capital as factors. How can you tell if a function is increasing returns to scale, decreasing returns to scale, or having no effect on returns to scale? The three definitions below explain what happens when you increase all production inputs by a multiplier. Multipliers For illustrative purposes, well call the multiplier m. Suppose our inputs are capital and labor, and we double each of these (m 2). We want to know if our output will more than double, less than double, or exactly double. This leads to the following definitions: Increasing Returns to Scale: When our inputs are increased by m, our output increases by more than m.Constant Returns to Scale: When our inputs are increased by m, our output increases by exactly m.Decreasing Returns to Scale: When our inputs are increased by m, our output increases by less than m. The multiplier must always be positive and greater than one because our goal is to look at what happens when we increase production. An m of 1.1 indicates that weve increased our inputs by 0.10 or 10 percent. An m of 3 indicates that weve tripled the inputs. Three Examples of Economic Scale Now lets look at a few production functions and see if we have increasing, decreasing, or constant returns to scale. Some textbooks use Q for quantity in the production function, and others use Y for output. These differences dont change the analysis, so use whichever your professor requires. Q 2K 3L: To determine the returns to scale, we will begin by increasing both K and L by m. Then we will create a new production function Q’. We will compare Q’ to Q.Q’ 2(K*m) 3(L*m) 2*K*m 3*L*m m(2*K 3*L) m*QAfter factoring, we can replace (2*K 3*L) with Q, as we were given that from the start. Since Q’ m*Q we note that by increasing all of our inputs by the multiplier m weve increased production by exactly m. As a result, we have constant returns to scale.Q.5KL: Again, we increase both K and L by m and create a new production function. Q’ .5(K*m)*(L*m) .5*K*L*m2 Q * m2Since m 1, then m2 m. Our new production has increased by more than m, so we have increasing returns to scale.QK0.3L0.2: Again, we increase both K and L by m and create a new production function. Q’ (K*m)0.3(L*m)0.2 K0.3L0.2m0.5 Q* m0.5Because m 1, then m0.5 m, our new production has increased by less than m, so we have decreasing returns to scale. Although there are other ways to determine  whether a production function is increasing returns to scale, decreasing returns to scale, or generating constant returns to scale, this way is the fastest and easiest. By using the m multiplier and simple algebra, we can quickly solve economic scale questions. Remember that even though people often think about returns to scale and economies of scale as interchangeable, they are different. Returns to scale only consider production efficiency, while economies of scale explicitly consider cost.

History essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

History - Essay Example that historical reality by addressing the modern-held belief that an individual ought to have the right to choose his or her religion and practice it freely. His method is to analyze the nature of religion and the freedom to worship (or lack thereof) in seventeenth century New England to see if said freedom then existed or not. His thesis is such that early colonial America, particularly New England, was a predominantly intolerant and rigid place wherein religious autonomy was often suppressed and the division of church and state did not exist. According to Miller, the modern separation of church and state and the freedom to worship only developed later and over time and in no way represented a pre-determined or guaranteed historical development. Miller points out that religion was but one of many reasons people came to the New World from the Old. He wants to dispel the idea that people cam for religion alone and that religious toleration existed from the start. Other motives which brought settlers included economic reasons, social promise, and the general desire to start anew. He wants to show that religious motives often masked other social and economic ones. An early declaration by members of the Virginia Plantation stated â€Å"†¦we are first to preach and baptize into Christian Religion, and by propagation of the Gospell, to recover out of the armes of the Divell, a number of poore and miserable soules, wrapt up into death, in almost invincible ignorance.† Miller then continues by citing the Charter of New England which declared â€Å"We trust to his Glory. Avee may with Boldness goe on to the settling of soe hopeful a Work, which tendeth to the reducing and Conversion of such Savages as remaine wandering in Desolation and Distress, to Civil Socitie and Christian Religion†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (2008, p. 2). Thus religion served as a sort of template to justify other motives. The main drive of Miller’s article is to demonstrate that early America was a far from

The Residual System in the US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Residual System in the US - Essay Example Property asset bubbles occur every time during a normal business cycle and especially during boom times but the severity of the current downturn and subsequent bursting is something unique. Many had compared its deleterious effects to the Great Depression of the 1930s when the stock market collapsed and millions were thrown out of work. Â  The financial crisis led to a tightening of credit such that businesses find it hard to borrow money to finance expansion plans. This, in turn, caused an economic contraction in terms of employment and industrial production, leading to a vicious downward cycle that has continued until today although it had slowed down a bit. The end result is that once prosperous families find themselves on the breadline when their primary breadwinners lost their once secure jobs. It is as if the whole sky had fallen down on them and their own version of the American dream had turned into a nightmare of waiting in job lines. A cherished dream of self-worth was destroyed by these job losses when a primary sense of achievement is how much one can afford to buy in the first place. An individual’s self-worth was once measured in fame and personal wealth but not anymore today. Â  America’s social welfare system is called a residual-type of the program compared to other Western industrialized nations where they are a central part of government welfare policies. By residual, this means aid is given only to those who were very poor, to those who were chronically unemployed, the sickly or the elderly. In other words, the social welfare programs are intended for individuals who cannot make it on our free market system of competitive employment. Welfare aid is given only temporarily to supposedly those people who were down on their luck and had fallen on hard times.

Bioethical Principles in Medical Science Essay Example for Free

Bioethical Principles in Medical Science Essay The principlist approach to biomedical ethics is understood on the basis of two central theses. The first thesis is that moral principles are non-absolute and that they do not occur in a determinate order of precedence. This means that every single principle is prima facie. These prima facie principles are; beneficence, respect for autonomy, non-maleficence and justice. The second central thesis, usually called the global applicability thesis, posits that the four prima facie principles derived from common morality make principlism universally applicable. Analysis of ethical questions based on the biomedical principles of ethics is central to moral reasoning while at the same time respects exigencies of circumstance and liberates pluralism (Beauchamp Childress 14; Herissone-Kelly 65). Since this application of ethical principles is sensitive to moral beliefs encountered in everyday lives, it forms the basis of ethics in biomedical practice. It acts as a guide to action even though the four principles do not operate in a determinate order of precedence. In attempting to discern the ethics of physician assisted suicide one central question comes into mind. Is assisted suicide morally justified? In a nutshell, assisted suicide or more specifically, physician assisted suicide, refers to a case where the patient has ended his life either with a lethal dose or any other medically provided instrument after the patient requested for the lethal dosage from the physician who provided the dosage for the specific reason of ending the life. The difference between euthanasia and assisted suicide is that in the case of euthanasia, it is the physician who administers the lethal dose or withdraws the life support system because the patient in question is unable to administer the same to him/herself. Thus, the difference lies in the difference in who makes the action that precedes death. In assisted suicide, it is the patient who acts last. The choice of taking the lethal dosage or pushing the button that will terminate life solely rests with the patient and they have the capacity to alter their decision before their actions become irreversible. Even though the physician plays a causal role in both; the patient kills him/herself in assisted suicide while in the latter, it is the physician who kills the patient. This difference creates an intrinsic moral difference between the two. This brings into question the principle of respect for autonomy. The moral principle of respect for autonomy refers to a patient’s freedom of liberty or choice interests. However, it should not be confused with an all-for-nothing phenomenon. Gradations of autonomy and its interpretation in different circumstances are variable. A patient’s autonomy can be interfered with when there is excessive control (too much interference with the patient’s decisions) or when there is too little interference (neglect of the patient). Respect for an individuals autonomy is also threatened in cases where an individual’s right contravenes another individual’s freedom of choice and their actions (Brent 40). With respect to assisted suicide, the patient in question having satisfied the qualifications of making an informed consent can request the causal assistance of the physician to carry out actions that directly lead to their death. In such a case, professional codes of ethics bind physicians to respect the patient’s rights to self determination by unobstructing the conditions for the operation of an autonomous action such as: intentionality, understanding, and the complete absence of any controlling influence. In a situation where all these conditions are met and the physician dutifully performs their causal roles, physician assisted suicide is ethically correct. This is so because so long as the patient’s rights are supported it automatically follows that ethical permissibility of assisted suicide is also granted (Weir 89; http://www. deathreference. com/). In cases whether the patient is suffering from a treatable clinical depression or dementia which impair the decision making capacity of the patient, the right to self determination do not apply (http://www. inclusiondaily. com/). The moral principle of Non maleficence hold that a person should not do harm. It specifically holds that one should have the capacity to discern actions that are morally harmful. However, there is controversy as determining the intention behind an action. At the same time, determining whether an intentional or unintentional action refrains from action harms or puts the subject at a risk of harm. The moral principle of beneficence entails the following obligations: to prevent harm, to eliminate harm, and to do good. These three conditions characterize the measures taken by medical practitioners to balance the components of risks, harms and benefits. Beneficence therefore encompasses professional, personal and societal obligations (Brent 41). The principle of beneficence largely builds on the foundational principle of non maleficence. In this case assisted suicide is ethically permissible on the basis of an individuals well being. It can be argued that in such a case, to promoting and protecting the patients well being may be contradictory to the patient’s right to self determination. However, this is not so. Life is often is perceived as being good and its value is a product of our pursuit of goods within life itself. In an assisted suicide scenario, a person who is fully competent to reach a decision decides that life sustaining treatments no longer has any benefit but has become a burden. Most of these patients are often critically ill, dying or in a very debilitated and severely compromised state. If such patients request the means to end their lives, it is in line with non maleficence or beneficence because such an act is value to the patient’s life. Unless if the patient is unable to reach a competent decision and the dictatorial authority transferred to a surrogate, the right of self determination stands and is not in contradiction to the principles of non maleficence and maleficence(Weir 90). Moreover, such a decision is only ethical if it does not infringe on the moral and professional values of the physician. Additionally, assisted suicide is an act of compassion that eliminates further suffering and pain. Refusal to grant the patient their claim or entitlement is akin to putting them to unbearable suffering. Finally, the moral principle of justice simply refers to fairness. It is the act of receiving ones due; entitlement or claim. Distributive justice concerns itself with how fairly benefits can be allocated and distributed. Basically, four considerations guide moral justice. For instance, an equal share, according to a persons need, according to a person’s effort, and lastly, according to societal contribution (Brent 42). Physician assisted suicide is supported by the moral principle of justice in the context of â€Å"treat like cases alike† (http://depts. washington. edu/). When competent but terminally ill patients request lethal dose medications or refuse life sustaining treatments with the sole purpose of hastening death, it is only just that they should be granted their claim. However, these arguments are only suitable when the ethics of assisted suicide is analyzed on a basis of the biomedical ethical principles. Works Cited BBC News. Assisted suicide danger claim. April 20, 2009. http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/8008736. stm Beauchamp, Tom L, Childress, James F. Principles of biomedical ethics. Oxford University Press, 2001; 1-23 Brent, Nancy J. Nurses and the law: a guide to principles and applications. 2nd Edition. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2000; 40-47 Reynolds, Dave. Assisted Suicides For Mental Illness, Too, Swiss Court Rules. Euthanasia, Assisted Suicide, Eugenics, Bioethics. Inclusion Daily Express. February 5, 2007. http://www. inclusiondaily. com/archives/07/02/05/020507sweuth. htm Encyclopedia of Death and Dying. Bioethics. http://www. deathreference. com/A-Bi/Bioethics. html Harrison-Kelly, Peter. The Principlist approach to bioethics, and its stormy journey overseas. in, â€Å"Scratching the surface of bioethics†, By Matti Hayry, Tuija Takala. Rodopi Press, 2003; 65-72 Physician-Assisted Suicide. Ethics in Medicine. University of Washington School of Medicine. http://depts. washington. edu/bioethx/topics/pas. html Weir, Robert F. Physician-assisted suicide. Indiana University Press, 1997; 86-97

Examine how Heaney presents his relationship with his father in :: English Literature

Examine how Heaney presents his relationship with his father in Digging and Follower. In the poem the Follower, the poet admires his father with all factions. The poet, Heaney, describes his father on verse 2, stanza 1 as being a very strong, well built man and classifies him as an "expert" (verse 5, stanza 2) when it comes to working in the field. In verse 10-12, stanza 3, Heaney describes his father's eye as "his eye narrowed and angled at the ground mapping the furrow exactly", this verse describes his father as if he was a sailor, carefully, watching the field as a map with a close eye making sure that everything is moving or growing the way they should be. In the poem digging, the reader begins to get a sense that time has moved on, and that the young boy has now become older as so did his father. The poet, Heaney, says on verse 7, stanza 3, "till his straining rump along the flowerbeds", this verse indicates that his father is old, and strains as he bends over to the flowerbeds, but even though the father is aging, he is still a strong man who can still hold a spade. Also, in the poem digging, it mentions about the grandfather of the poet. Heaney describes his grandfather through a series of recollections he had with him. In stanza 6 of the poem Digging, it is there the reader, reads about the poets past with his grandfather. From, the memories the poet recalls, the reader can see that the grandfather was like the father, careful and we also catch from verse 19 -21, stanza 6, which is a memory Heaney recalls of giving milk to his grandfather, he drinks it but than falls right away to work. From these verses the reader sees that he is extremely dedicated to his work and feels very strongly about it. In the end of the poem the Follower, the poet ends it very sudden, and leaves the reader puzzled. The end of the poem the poet says, "à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦It is my father who keeps stumbling behind me, and will not go away" (verse 23-24, stanza 6). These last two statements speak about the poet, as he is older. He is now taken on the tradition of continuing the legacy of farming as his father had done when he was young. When Heaney says he now stumbles behind me, the poet does not literally mean that his father is, but metaphorically instead is. In the past the son has admired his father's abilities to be able to farm with such elegancy,

Rock and Roll: How it Relate to Jazz, Current Hip-hop, Rap, Latin Music, Blues, etc

The origin of rock and roll comes from many roots that date back in the nineteenth century. African-American slaves brought by the early American Celtics during the 17th and 18th century in America brought along with them their native African music which was later influenced by the music of their masters. With the passing of decades, gospel music, blues and country music began to evolve from the mixture of African and American music and later were adapted to become the musical genre of the African-Americans.Before the onset of the Second World War, gospel music transformed into rhythm and blues and eventually into Jazz. The war broke up the popularity of Jazz and so in 1942 and 1943, Jazz bands migrated from south to the north to stage their performance and resurrect the popularity of jazz. Unfortunately, Jazz has never regained its reputation because of the lack of support by recording companies. The groups of African-American Jazz Bands staged a massive strike against these recordi ng companies and ask for support for the already dwindling music industry of Jazz. But conditions were not met.In the long run the recording companies without any other alternative music in place of jazz tried to experiment with solo performers, vocal backings and small groups of singers. Since gospel songs were still sung by black’s religious group, the word â€Å"rock† has been in constant use with most of the songs they created. Examples of these songs are the Rock My Soul, Rock Me Lord, Rock Daniel and so on. Although the word rock has occasionally been misconstrued during the 1920s describing it as a connotation for sex in slang word, it was in 1947 when Roy Brown changed that meaning.Brown did a blues called Good Rockin’ Tonight and then it was followed by Wynonie Harries’ song that was derived from Brown’s blues. The word rock became fad among the rhythm and blues (r&b) songs and recordings. From there on, musicians have begun to experiment on vocals and guitar away from jazz By the late 1940s, groups like the Orioles were already performing rock music with the style of African-American dance music of boogie-woogie. Louis Jordan who was known then to be the most popular r&b performer had embarked on playing rock music and made 18 records that remained bestseller for years.His dance music of lively dance called â€Å"jump blues† or â€Å"jumpin’ jive† had inspired the spirit of early rock’n’roll. Jimmy Preston, Bill Haley and Chuck Berry were only few of the early rock and rollers who were also inspired by the music of Jordan. But prior to the introduction of rock and roll into the music industry, this musical genre have already been created by other bands unknown in the industry. The Muddy Waters in 1943 made their own style of combining amplified vocals, guitar, drums, harmonica and piano to create music much the same as rock and roll.The music was only to become a hit when Jordan ma de his music backed-up by recording companies. Although it seems now that rock and roll was also introduced by the revolutionary evolution of African-American music, its arrival also influenced county and Western music. The Western music absorbed the tempo of rock and roll particularly the boogie-woogie dance and style of songs. It was understood that the first rock’n’roll recording was Rocket 88 by Ike Turner and His Rhythm Kings in Memphis under Sam Phillips studio. Phillips is soon to discover Elvis Presley, B.B. King, Jerry Lewis, Roy Orbison and Johnny Cash in the world of rock and roll. There are also other claims on the origin of rock and roll. Chuck Berry who was once a blues singer claimed that he was writing a country song when he â€Å"accidentally invented rock’n’roll† by playing lively tunes while Little Richard who had his first rock and roll record for Tutti Frutti said he was the architect and the â€Å"real king† of rock and roll (Thorogood, 2004). Observing the evolution of rock and roll to the rock music of today in its 50 years of development was unexpected.The late 1940s have popularized the doo-woop and boogie woogie as the progression of rock and roll in its early stage. During the 1950s, however, music of different genre with mixture of early rock and roll, country, blues and jazz has made the world of music livelier. This became the era for Presley, Haley, Holly and Little Richard. In the 1960s, America has begun to merge their music with the British. The Beatles has arrived and invaded not only America but also the world with their most popular rock band.Later, they overtook what Elvis and the other great rock and roll performers have ruled in the past decade. The Beatles have triggered a new age of rock and more astonishing genre of rock was about to come in the following decades. This will explain the relation of the early rock and roll to the music we have today. After years of Beatlemania we have created more colorful, livelier and intriguing bands in the world of rock. Pink Floyd, The Who, The Rolling Stones, Grateful Dead and Jimi Hendrix were only few of those who also conquered the world with their own style of rock.Folk rock was one of the metamorphoses of rock and roll that has the traditional acoustic rock and blues undertone. Bob Dylan and Janis Joplin were few of the most popular musicians who are best in this genre. Heavy metal rock also emanates from the early rock and roll and it is emphasized with the use of a thick, heavy and highly amplified electric musical instruments to produce not only rhythm but with the accent of the real â€Å"rocking of instruments†. The Black Sabbath popularized heavy metal in our modern society. The 70s became a war of the heavy metal bands.Led Zeppelin who was already known in the 60s became more popular as the dawning of heavy metal music continued. They created a perfect blend of hard rock and blues to create their original music. Other rock bands are mellower, however, with the emergence of bands like David Bowie, the Eagles, Queen and Yes. These bands does not follow the genre of hard rock but leveled more on soft rock, pop, soul and country music with the influence of rock. Before the closing of the 70s, a new wave of music that cast the shadow of rock and roll came into the scene.The â€Å"punk rock† was a combination of anarchism and teenage rage with the musical bases of rock and roll. Originally introduced by The Ramones, other bands followed their style with the arrival of The Sex Pistols and The Clash. The coming of punk music influenced the new generation of music in the following years. As the 1980s became most popular with the reintroduction of different bands of different style, heavy metal bands dominate the music industry during this decade. Heavy metal rock bands are most notorious with their tight leather pants, electrifying guitar solos and colorful hair.Guns and Roses , Van Halen, AC/DC, Aerosmith, Motley Cue and Bon Jovi are good examples of these bands. These bands occupy the music airwave with their powerful ballads and guitar solos. Then during the mid 80s, another wave of music genre was suddenly introduced by the generation of young but jolly musicians. From punk into funk, the disco music has arrived. In the last years of the decade, alternative rock or better known as Indie music emerged. This is where the bands of U2, The Cure and Sonic Youth became most popular.As the 1990s came, new bands of rock alternative musicians came packing a different form of music. It was known as â€Å"grunge music† and the most popular band in this genre was the Nirvana. Grunge music is emphasized by the playing of dirty guitar and strong guitar riffs that is distorted to produce feedback with other instruments. It originates from Seattle, Washington and expresses dark lyrics and torments which the generation adored. Peal Jam, Alice in Chains and Jane ’s Addiction specialize in this type of music.The coming of year 2000 up to the present became a mixture of genre of music that was broadest in its form. The passing of generations, however, have seen the transformation of music to the very simple gospel music to the lively rock and roll and to more daring musical adaptations of different musical genre. At present, Emo music is most popular among the young generations of today. It is an alternative rock sub genre that contains intense emotional lyrics mixed with the root of hardcore punk.Bands like Taking Back Sunday, Senses Fail, From First to Last, Brand New and mellower bands like the Dashboard Confessional, and Bright Eyes are only few of the Indie bands that scattered their influence in our music industry (MeGsTeRl3, 2007). Technology has played a major role in the development of rock when Adolph Rickenbacker invented the electric guitar in 1931. Transistor technology was also improved as well as the microphones to captu re the distinction of voice.Guitars became louder and vocals with the shuffle beat of blues drumming revolutionize the making of drum kit assembly best fit for the tones. Country, folk and all-American music originates from diversified forms of music but they all fall under the influence of rock music. The decades of influence by different artists have saturated the consciousness of the public that focused on rock music. Developing it into an artform exploded into many genre of artist, style, media and tools that have alternately altered, distorted or even improved the level music preferred by the public.What is more amazing is that from time to time there were bands that would shock us, amaze us or even bring us to high level of consciousness with their presentation of music. However, with all the music, song, tunes and composition we had and still have every bit of it have roots of rock and roll into it. Rock ‘n’ roll inspired us to become daring and experimental with our music and so we learn to realize our freedom to make music according to the preference of the existing generation (Productions, 2004).

Brother Sebastian in the novel Lamb Essay

In the novel â€Å"Lamb† by Bernard Mac Laverty, written in 1976, I cannot but feel sympathetic towards the main character Brother Sebastian (Michael Lamb). I feel that he was a victim of circumstances. He was brought up in a farm in Ballycastle where he was taught by his father to put animals who were suffering out of their misery. In the novel Mac Laverty describes how his father â€Å"had pulled chickens necks so fast and expertly that they never felt a thing†. To Sebastian Owen Kane was just like an animal with no future and the most humane thing to do was put him out of his misery. Throughout this novel there is a recurring theme of a father and son relationship. The killing was ritualistic as Sebastian’s religious beliefs would have meant that he believed that the boy was going to eternal happiness with God in heaven. â€Å"It was motivated by love. It would be a pure. Of this he was sure†. From the much protected environment with his mother and father on the farm he entered the Irish Christian Brothers the year he was due to leave school which would have been about sixteen. In the Brotherhood he had no real adult life as he was restricted by the vows of Poverty, Chastity and Obedience. When the novel opens Sebastian is a wood work teacher in a Home (which is situated in the south of Ireland Galway) for delinquent boys, which was run by a sadistic, cruel Brother called Brother Benedict. The relationship between the two men was hostile as Benedict was an academic snob who looked down on Sebastian for his lack of formal education. He uses the simile and the metaphor: â€Å"A man with one language is like a man with one eye. I myself have four good eyes and a few lesser ones – which could be polished up† Both Brother Sebastian and Benedict disagreed with each other on how to discipline the boys in the Home. Benedict’s attitude was â€Å"If they do not conform we thrash them. We teach them a little of God and a lot of fear. † He criticised Sebastian for his â€Å"Soft centred self centred idealism†. Owen Kane was put into the Home by his mother for â€Å"always mitching school†. Owen suffered from epilepsy and was the youngest boy in the Home. It is true that Owen had been put away because he had continually mitched school and had run away from home frequently – the Gardai had been informed on four occasions at least. God knows how many times they had not been informed. His father would beat him often: â€Å"When he came home he would get drunk and whip Owen with whatever came into hand†. His mother would often be absent from his company but he preferred all that than living in the Home. He had a neutral/positive relationship with Sebastian and a negative relationship with Benedict. Owen Kane and Sebastian both have the same views on the Home. In the novel Brother Sebastian father dies and he is left a sum of money from the farm in which his father owned. Brother Benedict is lecturing about Obedience â€Å"Obedience, Brother, is a very rare virtue† and with no doubt wants Brother Sebastian to stay so the Brotherhood gets the money. From the novel we get the Atmosphere of what the Home was like â€Å"The walls were painted throughout a pale hospital green† and â€Å"The place was scrubbed and clean and dead â€Å"Like a corpse†. First instinctive impressions of the Home are lifeless cold miserable and absolutely unpleasant which do not relate to a â€Å"home† at all. Bernard McLaverty uses his scenes to describe the Home and they have a similar description of a hospital â€Å"The air was full of disinfectant and polish†. The surrounding environment of outside the Home gives a bizarre welcome to inmates. â€Å"Surrounding the whole complex was a high wire fence that screamed and whistled in the constant wind from the sea† A great use of personification is used in this quote and it works to make you feel anything but nice feelings, it makes you feel the â€Å"Home† is more like a Prison and the boys were not there to be reformed but there for Punishment. At the beginning of this novel I admire Sebastian for being nice to the â€Å"inmates† and especially to Owen who is the youngest of the boys in the Home, suffers from epilepsy and experienced a hard life with his parents. I feel sympathetic for Owen Kane as I believe he wasn’t given the opportunity at life before he was entered the Home. Benedict gets all my negatives as I see him for more evil than good. He is a bully to Sebastian, Owen and all the other boys. Brother Sebastian wants to leave because he doesn’t believe in by Benedict’s duct rue of â€Å"Kill and cure†. He plans to run away and decides to take Owen with him. I believe Sebastian wanted to take Owen with him because he had sympathy for Owen and wanted him to have a better chance at life and he thought he could provide in the manner of a father and son relation†¦ Personally I think this was the best decision to make for Owen and him self as both of them were miserable and living in the Home seemed like a dead end, an everlasting punishment to both of them. He is given the chance to abandon the Home when he receives the money from his father’s farm. With free will Owen agreed to leave.

Connected Activities and its Influence on Firm

Connected Activities and its Influence on Firm The firm has formed partnership with other big companies like Amazon.com in order to improve on its services to consumers. This has enabled them to deliver orders in time to the benefit of Borders. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Connected Activities and its Influence on Firm specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The firm apart from operating bookstore also runs music store and coffee bars, these helps in increasing its overall sales. The firm uses modern computerized system to manage its inventory; this makes it record highest sales as compared to other competitors within the market. Borders have divided its products to serve as small business segments to the satisfaction of their clients. They operate numerous book and music stores within the United States and additionally organize live performance events by artistes and books authors. The coming of the internet enabled multiple works to be performed by providing an e fficient and cheaper means of communication between the stores and the clients (Gataric et al, 2002, pp 387-397). The firm’s superstores engage in sponsoring community functions like story telling occasions as well as group discussions amongst others. Borders also engaged in sponsoring online magazines one of them being Salon which offers customers with opportunity to read variety of books and keep updated with current affairs. The firm launched the use of Borders Universe which provides online inventory data connecting all the retail outlets, this makes it easier for customers to find books from other related retail stores. Borders deliver books and other products to consumers’ doorsteps and operate telephone support twenty four hours a day throughout the week (Gataric et al, 2002, pp 387-397). Customer value The firm’s superstores provide consumers with various selections of music and videos at affordable prices. These selections comprises of music that are r arely found but sought after by the majority, these include jazz and opera type of music. They offer the same trend within their video stores which makes available a number of title movies. The firms’ use of the internet in retailing provides the consumers with easier means of selecting variety of what they require online. This meant that customers are now able to save on time that could have been consumed looking for items in the stores and undergoing all other required services. The merger with Amazon.com enabled Borders to provide customers with unique services that included complete information on store locations and the several events that take place at the in-stores (Feng, et al, 2001, PP 467-503).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Capabilities The firm launched a site that had the capability of handling the largest multimedia database on the internet. It was also the only firm with the largest in-stock of multimedia selection for most of the retailers using the internet, besides they offer ready shipping services for the millions of their products purchased online. Borders.com offers beautiful sites and choices to the consumers, on top of this they are also time conscious in the way they deliver their services. This makes the firm to be one of the most trusted internet brands. In order to build close relationship with consumers and win more of their trust, the firm created private database that serves customers at individual levels taking care of confidentiality (Gataric et al, 2002, pp 387-397). The company needed to improve on its commercial capabilities whereby the consumers will be served in a more organized way. The firm launched internet in-store kiosks which provide customers with easy time when locating the products availability and prices online. The costs of operating the online services seem to be high calling for fu rther strategies. The firm increased the level of their sales through partnership with top leaders in online sales; this has helped in shifting of costs responsibility for internet sales (Gataric et al, 2002, pp 387-397). References Feng, et al.(2001). A New Business Model? The Capital Market and the New Economy. Economy and Society, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp 467-503. Gataric, I., Gilbert, J., Green, J., Kennedy, I. Lewallen, W., and Sumita, Y. (2002). Borders: Responding to Change. International Directory of Company Histories Vol. 43, pp 387-397.

Free sample - Women Criminals with Mental Disorders. translation missing

Women Criminals with Mental Disorders. Women Criminals with Mental DisordersExecutive summary Positivistic approaches argue that criminal behavior is as a result of the interaction between biological, environmental as well as social factors. They propose that individuals are predisposed to crime by factors such as low education level, poverty, and membership to certain subcultures. Biological positivism proposes that caused by biological inferiority. Biological crime theories also argue that hormones such as testosterone, estrogen and progesterone determine criminal behaviors with low levels of estrogen in females being shown to reduce their sexual drives hence making them less likely to commit offences related to sex. Psychological theories of crime include: Psychoanalytic theory which argues that all human beings have the natural drives as well as urges for committing crime which are repressed in the unconscious mind. Freud, the proponent of this theory argues that people with unresolved social issues who are referred to as psychopaths in psychology, have absolutely no sens e of quilt, no subjective conscience, no sense of right or wrong, and no ability to empathize and therefore are likely to engage in crime due to their compromised conscience. Cognitive development theory as a psychological theory of crime argues that criminal behavior emanates from peoples’ perception of law and morality. Learning theory on the other hand argues that people learn criminal ways by associating those who engage in the vice. Neoclassical theory of crime argues that, factors such as insanity which reduces individual’s free will make the individual more likely to engage in crime. Postpartum psychosis and Postpartum exhaustion affect the mother to the extend that she carries out infanticide. Introduction Criminology is a behavioral science that focuses on the study of the nature, extend, causes as well as the control of criminal behavior. This paper discusses criminological theories and how they play in with women criminals. It focuses majorly on mental illnesses in women and how these illnesses predispose them to crime. Previous researchers have not linked such theories with criminal behavior in women and that’s why this subject is of interest to me. Research methodology To achieve the research objectives, both primary and secondary sources of information were made use of. Primary sources of data consisted of interviews carried out on professionals such as psychologists well versed with the subject. Secondary sources of information on the other hand consisted of library research targeting books and articles touching on the subject. Research findings and discussion. Sociological positivism as a school of thought proposes that people are predisposed to crime by societal factors such as low education level, poverty, and membership to certain subcultures (Seidman, 1996). Other proponents of this school of thought have suggested that overpopulation contributes very highly to increased crime in the society (Seidman, 1996). Theories of crime apply to both males and females. Biological theories of crime causation also popularly referred to as biological positivism are theories which argue that criminals are different from non-criminals and that crime is caused by biological inferiority (Seidman, 1996). According to this theory, the innate psychological make up produces certain physical as well as genetic traits which distinguish criminals from those who are not criminals. Hormonal abnormalities have also been linked with criminal behaviors. Researchers believe that hormones such as testosterone, estrogen and progesterone determine criminal behaviors. L ow levels of estrogen in women reduce their sexual drives hence make them less likely to commit offences related to sex (Cohn, 2007). Proponents of Positivistic approaches argue that criminal behavior is as a result of the interaction between biology and environmental as well as social factors (Morse, 1997). They believe that biology or genes can predispose a person to criminal behaviors. What determines if the person commits the criminal behavior or not is the environmental or social conditions the person is subjected to (Marina, 1996).   Psychological theories of crime argue that human differences make some people more predisposed to committing crime than others. These individual differences in behavior are caused by differences in personal characteristics as well as biological factors and social interactions among individuals. Psychoanalytic theory of crime was proposed by Sigmund Freud (Marina, 1996). This theory proposes that all human beings have the natural drives as well as urges for committing crime which are repressed in the unconscious mind (Marina, 1996). This shows that all human beings have an inherent capacity to commit crime. Human beings however develop inner controls to suppress this urge to commit crime as they get socialized in the society. Freud suggested that, faulty identification of children with their parents causes the development of criminal behavior in them. Freud believed that individuals with unresolved as well as deep – rooted social problems are referred to as psychopaths (Mea d, 1934). Such people have absolutely no sense of quilt, no subjective conscience, no sense of right or wrong, and no ability to empathize. These people are also known as sociopaths or antisocial personalities and are more likely to engage in crime due to their compromised conscience (Mead, 1934). Cognitive development theory is a theory that argues that criminal behavior emanates from peoples’ perception of law and morality (Mead, 1934). The proponent of this school of thought is Kohlberg, a developmental psychologist (Siegel, 2003). He proposed three levels of moral development. According to him, there are basically three levels of moral reasoning with each level having two stages. The first level of moral development occurs during middle childhood. This level is called the preconventional level. At this level, children stick to moral principles in an effort to avoid punishment by remaining obedient (Morse, 1997). The second level is termed as the conventional level and it occurs at the end of middle childhood (Cohn, 2007). At this stage, individual’s moral reasoning is pegged on the expectations that their family as well as significant others have for them (Siegel, 2003). The third stage of moral development occurs during early adulthood. At this stage, moral reasoning is no longer based on social conventions. At this stage, individuals act as change agents and strive to advance the existing social laws and order (McLennan, 1980). Failure by individuals to transit successfully from one level of moral development to another leads to moral fixation, a situation whereby, individual’s moral development is arrested. Such individuals end up engaging in criminal behaviors. This is true for men as it is for women (McLennan, 1980). Learning theory on the other hand is based on behavioral psychology principles. Behavioral psychology proponents argue that behavior is learned while its maintenance is ensured by factors such as rewards and consequences (McLennan, 1980). According to this theory therefore, people learn criminal ways by associating with people who engage in the vice. Neoclassical theory of crime argues that, though human beings exercise free will, factors such as insanity may reduce an individual’s capacity to exercise the same (Cohn, 2007). Postpartum psychosis, also referred to as postpartum blues, is simply a psychological depression that occurs to a large number of mothers after delivery (Moyer, 2001). Its estimated to occur in about 50% of all mothers after giving birth. This condition has been termed by mental health experts as a leading precipitator of infanticide. This condition attacks women some few months after pregnancy and may linker for over a year (Moyer, 2001). Its characterized by: sadness, fatigue, disturbed sleeping pattern, reduced libido, loss of appetite, anxiety, episodes of crying and irritability. Hormonal changes in women is known to be the leading cause of the condition. Postpartum exhaustion is slightly different from postpartum depression and its is caused by fatigue, sleep deprivation as well as hormonal changes in the bodes of women immediately after giving birth (Moyer, 2001). Prevalence of this condition is higher in women who give birth to children with severe colic as well as other cond itions which result to abnormal sleep schedules (Moyer, 2001). Baby or maternity blues is a condition that affects about 80% of women after giving birth. Its characterized by mild and transitory moodiness, tearfulness, irritability, hypochondriasis, sleeplessness, concentration impairment, feelings of isolation, and headache. This condition leads to inconsistence of mothers with childcare (Deflem, 2006). Such mothers focus on the negative aspects of childcare leading to poor coping strategies. This worsens the mother-infant relationship and in most cases leads to infanticide (Deflem, 2006). Conclusion This paper has discussed Positivistic approaches to criminal behavior which argue that the tendency to engage in crime is as a result of the interaction between biological, environmental as well as social factors. Factors which predispose people to crime according to this theory have been discussed and they have included: low education level, poverty, and membership to certain subcultures. Biological crime theories have also been discussed. They argue that hormones such as testosterone, estrogen and progesterone determine criminal behaviors with low levels of estrogen in females being shown to reduce their sexual drives hence making them less likely to commit offences related to sex. Psychological theories of crime have included: Psychoanalytic theory, Cognitive development theory, and Learning theory. Finally, Postpartum psychosis and Postpartum exhaustion have been seen to affect the mother to the extend that she carries out infanticide. References Cheng, E. (2007). â€Å"Independent Judicial Research in the Daubert Age†. Duke Law Journal, Vol. 56, Cohn,E. (2007). â€Å" changes in Scholarly Influence in Major International Criminology Journals†. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, Vol. 40, Deflem, M. (2006). Sociological Theory and Criminological Research: Views from Europe and the United States. New York: Elsevier Marina, A. (1996). â€Å" criminal law and women: Giving the abused woman who kills a jury of her peers who appreciate trifles†. American Criminal Law Review, Vol. 33 McLennan, G. (1980). Crime and Society: Readings in History and Theory. New York: Routledge. Mead, H. (1934). Mind Self and Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press Morse, S. (1997). â€Å"Immaturity and Irresponsibility†. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol. 88 Moyer, L. (2001). Criminological Theories: Traditional and Nontraditional Voices and Themes. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Seidman, D. (1996). â€Å"Juror Reactions to Attorneys at Trial†. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol. 87 Siegel, J. (2003). Criminology, 8th ed. London: Thomson-Wadsworth.

Volcano Project 1 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Volcano Project 1 - Research Paper Example ritish navigator, was the first person to observe the eruptions of ash coming from the Mount Yasur in the year 1774 which attracted him and helped him discover the Tanna Island. Mount Yasur is believed to be a holy place by the inhabitants who thought that the John Frum and his members have been residing there. John Frum was a person who told the natives that the Americans will bring in wealth if they all agree to follow him. It is also called as the Lighthouse of the Pacific as it has been showing continuous activity for so many years (Decker. 1991). The area around the Mount Yasur is highly deprived of vegetation and it has a crater which is almost circular having a diameter of about 400 meters. The eruptions from it have been continuous for the last eight hundred years. Mount Yasur has shown typical eruptions of the strombolian type which are of low level but are frequently regular & the lava quickly cools down and turns into black color before coming down to the earth. The eruptions are caused by the movement of the Indo-Australian plates towards the east which are then subducted under by the movement of the Pacific Plates towards the west. Mount Yasur is 361 meters or 1,184 feet above the sea level and it is a type of a strato volcano. A strato volcano is the one in which the eruption occur rather periodically and the mount has a cone and its walls are made up of the layers of lava continuously being deposited. As the Mount Yasur erupts periodically for hours, the government has issued certain levels of access which depend u pon the height of the eruptions. The access to the c rater is allowed only in the low level activity and is designated as Level-0.even in Level-1, during the normal activity the access to the crater is permitted. The permission to the summit is closed when severe activity takes place that is Level-3. Also large smoke and ash is erupted and lava bombs are projected to hundreds of meters, and loud explosions can be heard. When the

Mackie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mackie - Essay Example The analogy of a stone created by the divine that is too heavy for even God to lift suggests limitations to God and, therefore, refutes his omnipotence. When suggesting that the God is incapable of creating a stone too heavy for himself to lift, then he was never omnipotent to begin with. In so many ways, using the Paradox of Omnipotence to suggest that God maintains limitations is a scientific or secular attempt to refute the possibility of God’s existence. Mackie argues that whether or not men are the creator of evil by their own consciousness, the paradox of omnipotence is still valid, thus it cannot be avoided. It would seem to suggest that Mackie believes that God would be incapable of removing evil from the world or from the hearts of men, thus he should be considered without omnipotence for it proposes a limitation. If God is said to be inherently good, then a failure to remove evil deeds from the word suggests he has created a situation out of his absolute control. I disagree strongly with Mackie’s position, perhaps with some level of personal bias, in suggesting that there are limitations to God’s omnipotence. Not all actions performed by God can be rationalized, and it is commonly cited in society that God works in mysterious ways. Since none in modern society have met God to discuss his motivations and opinions, it would be impossible to suggest that God is unable to provide contradictions. His testaments speak of considerable love and forgiveness, but at the same time there appear to be no actions undertaken to remove evil. It would be illogical to assume that God is not without complicated and complex reasoning, thus he could be standing idle allowing evil to exist for a specific purpose. Perhaps the evil occurring today is a means toward an end, which does not by any practical lens suggest that

SARBANES-OXLEY ACT Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

SARBANES-OXLEY ACT - Research Paper Example 102). Such information is usually to be found in several locations and on dissimilar systems. This makes it imperative to have in place a mechanism that facilitates the retrieval of data from multiple applications; otherwise, complete compliance with the provisions of the Sarbanes – Oxley Act cannot be realized (Stephens, 2005, p. 102). There is considerable difficulty and intricacy involved in complying with the Sarbanes – Oxley Act. Data has to be shown to be authentic, and this obliges auditors and company executives to confirm the integrity of the financial data of their enterprise that influences the financial position of their company (Stephens, 2005, p. 102). Complying with the provisions of Sarbanes – Oxley Act proved to be much more burdensome for companies. This includes among other things, the capacity to validate the processing and transmission of data at all times, regardless of the specific phase of the life cycle that the data may be subjected to auditing or investigation. A major consequence of these requirements is that the Information Technology division of a company has to ensure that authentication capacities are inherent in the storage repositories and software applications (Stephens, 2005, p. 102). Furthermore, a major issue related to compliance with the Sarbanes – Oxley Act is that related to the amount of time involved in accessing data. For instance, there has to a rapid disclosure with regard to a business event that has substantial influence on the revenues of the company (Stephens, 2005, p. 102). Thus, compliance with this act necessitates the capacity to authenticate, search and access the relevant records and data in near real time. The Sarbanes – Oxley Act 2002 was enacted by Congress with the express intention of enhancing the reliability and accuracy of corporate disclosures. This initiative was

Criminology Essays Policing Future Criminal

Criminology Essays Policing Future Criminal Policing Future Criminal Policing in the future Introduction Terrorism as defined by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA),† is the use of force or violence against persons or property in violation of the criminal laws of the United States for purposes of intimidation, coercion, or ransom.† (August, 2007). The group of people committing this act often use threats to create fear among the public. These people try to convince citizens that their government is powerless to prevent terrorism. The Acts of terrorism include threats of terrorism; assassinations; kidnappings; hijackings; bomb scares and bombings; cyber attacks (computer-based); and the use of chemical, biological, nuclear and radiological weapons. (FEMA, 2007). In the future the act of terrorism would be even worst because of new technologies and inventions. The question is who will protect the people? What can the law enforcement do in the future to stop terrorism? On going studies and researches are being done by the police department to create a strategic move to stop or interrupt any act of terrorism. This essay will include issues that may arise in the future of policing from the perspective of individual police personnel, police management and the community. The focus of this essay is on the law enforcement its strategy and plans in the future in policing the community. Law Enforcement New Challenges – Police Personnel In the future police officer would play the role as the keepers of the peace, antiterrorism specialists or community outreach agents. (Stephens,2005). Gene Stephen is a noted criminal justice futurist and has surveyed police experts and found out that a better educated police officers with improved people skills and a stronger understanding on emerging technologies will be crucial to successful policing in the future. Police officers are being addressed in the past as â€Å"peace officers,† and define public policing as the â€Å"absence of crime.† This has been change as the time goes by and as the crime committed becomes even more complicated. In the 21st century policing has become even more challenging for the police personnel, wherein causes of crimes and disorder often lie outside their community, demanding new and innovative approaches from police. Today offenders are usually thousands miles away while committing the crimes. Terrorists act may takes place in a certain place without the physically presence of the criminals. Such act includes chemical and biological mayhem, community hackers and crackers wherein they can manipulate data’s in the system even if they are thousand miles away. In the United States the most prevalent crime committed is the identity theft often assisted by Internet scams. How can police personnel cope up with this technology? Probably the best way to treat criminals committing such crime should be counteracted by the same act that they committed it. Due to the increasing crime committed brought by the new technologies international conventions involving different countries was held last November 2007. The convention was entitled â€Å"International Policing Toward 2020.† Future of policing depends on what type of the society being policed. The ability of the police personnel to identify the society that needs to be policed is important. Whether the police will need to use harsh type of policing or you need to ask the cooperation of the society. The key to an effective policing in the future is that police personnel must have a deeper understanding of what he was up to. This mean police personnel must be knowledgeable enough to handle crimes in the future. Trainings and seminars are being conducted on various areas in the United States. One organization who’s been handling researches, teaching and training police is the Society of Police Futurists International (PIF). The PIF consists of men and women who are most likely to understand the path ahead and be able to predict the threats and promises to expect in the next few years. Since we are living in the 21st century wherein criminals just can place a chip on anything and then destroy everything, PIF focuses on the new technology. The police futurist focuses on the high tech communication and state of the art technology. Police personnel can adjust in this kind of situation by proper training and education. The government can increase the fund in the education that can be given to the police. To be able to attend to crimes like cyber crime police personnel must know what he is up to. One of the problem concerning the trainings and education of police personnel is the financial fund. In the article written by Jeremy Wilson the director of the Center on Quality Policing at the RAND Corporation (a non profit research corporation), he identifies that the United States are having a hard time meeting the new challenges in policing. Based on his analysis they need the support of the federal government to go far beyond traditional local crime-fighting duties. As a result of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, police today and in the future have a major new homeland security responsibility. Because of what happened the country need an extra hand from its community by recruiting enough number of police personnel to handle surveillance of airports, government building, mass transit systems and other potential terrorists’ target. They also have additional duties to foil terrorist’s attacks before they occur. The law enforcement agencies must be ready anytime to respond the possibility of other complicated attack such as chemical, biological and other unconventional weapons. Police Management Managing police force is much more complicated than handling an organization. It is not just hiring someone because you like him. Today recruiting is even harder after the Sept 11, 2001 bombing. People who want to join the force should be checked carefully for you might hire a terrorist undercover. Today the organization needs to require more officers, with more skills at a higher cost. Now the problem will be the financial availability. Before the police management focuses only on the daily needs of the organization such staffing needs and mandatory training requirements. But to adapt in the new security duties and changing labor force, police department will need to develop a long term plans for recruiting the right officers with the right skills. Unfortunately the police department is not equipped enough to check every person who wants to join the department. Aside from the lack of equipment the department also lacks on funds. Federal assistance to police departments has dropped in 2007. The chiefs of police reacted on the cutting of funds for the law enforcement nationwide. The role of the police personnel and the department is important not only during this time of terrorism but in the future as well. Trainings and education on the new technologies is important. How can police personnel fight terrorists attacking the system of a government agency if he doesn’t know how to fight it? Technologies nowadays are very much complicated as compared before and in the early 90’s. To fight these high tech attacks the police department should be very much aware of the new technologies to become effective. A five year plan is suggested in fighting the terrorists starting from the community, city, nationwide and then internationally. The department should show the government how important is the additional funds in policing the future. Funds will be allocated to chosen personnel trainings and education. They will be the one who will forefront the department during the time of terrorists act either biologically, chemically and technologically. Focusing on their needs such as proper compensation, additional incentives and other benefits is important to help them become more dedicated not only on their job but in the department as well. It is therefore best to plan, present and proves to the government that the planning for the future of police management needs the federal support especially in funding. Proper planning is the main key for an effective policing in the future. The planning has to start with the police officer, the department and then the government. Community Policing â€Å"Community policing† is the term given to describe the wide range of policing reforms. (Columbian Journalism Review, 1999) In as early as 1980’s the liberal police executives and academics have been advocating the notion that police work directly, in an equal partnership, with community groups on prevention strategies appropriate to a particular community’s problems. Community policing includes an aggressive police presence in high-crime areas. In the September 11, 2001 attack of terrorist, the police visibility is seen not only on the city where the attack happened but nationwide as well. The question might be if the crimes committed are getting more complicated and now the identity theft and hackers are very much rampant how can community policing act on this crimes? As mentioned in the police management training and education is important, and then if a police force is equipped with advance technology as well as educated on the new technologies then this will not be a problem. The U.S. Justice Departments Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) defines the term broadly as any policing aimed more at crime prevention than on chasing and catching bad guys; those tactics can include working with the community, decentralizing command, or simply increasing the number of beat police officers in a community. All these approaches have their defenders and critics, and all can point to some sort of research showing that they help make neighbourhoods safer, but they are not the same thing. The approach in community policing has become popular and has gained support from the government because of what they might have seen as effective in policing in the future. Community policing is the new approach to public safety. It combines the best aspects of several time-proven policing techniques in order to combat not only crime and disorder, but also the fear of crime and the likelihood of crime. It is both a philosophical approach and a set of practical steps to carry out that approach. It a police work with the community and other organizations, both public and private, to address local concerns and move towards long-term solutions to crime related problems. Community policing is the involvement of the community it requires more than just involving the citizens but it also requires the inclusion of other governmental agencies, the educational system, public and private social service providers and many local business. Also included are the criminal justice system, human rights groups, religious-based resources, and any other groups that can help find and maintain solutions to the communitys needs. In addition, the family unit must again become a major player in the crime prevention arena. It is therefore literally means that involving everybody to fight against criminals who wants to destroy peace and order not only in one location but worldwide as well. Community policing also includes preventive measures. The goal of community policing includes the following: To empower the people to resist crime and unsafe conditions by resolving the root issues instead of acting on the same act again and again. Preventive measure is important than acting on the crimes. Provide an adequate response to street-level, quality-of-life complaints in the community without reducing the departments capability to continue to respond appropriately to emergencies. To partner with different organizations such as schools, social service agencies, citizen groups, and others with one purpose to developed effective preventive strategies. Reduce the demand for future police by addressing the cause of public safety problems Reduce the fear of crime. To encourage the citizens and community groups in solving the day to day problem solving and prevention activities, while maintaining full response capabilities and relieving certified personnel from tasks not requiring their particular training or expertise. Furnish the township with quality essential police services; subscribe and conform to the highest professional standards in an effort to protect the constitutional rights, lives, and property of the citizens consistent with community goals and policies. The best approach in community policing especially in fighting terrorism it is best to first identify the cause and work cooperatively by creating a plan that can be useful not only today but in the coming years. It is effective to balance the approach one that relies equally on law enforcement, crime prevention, and community involvement in issues about crimes and terrorism. Conclusion The future of policing lies on the people involved on it. A plan is important in dealing with criminals and terrorism. Nowadays you are not sure who you are dealing with. You might be hiring a terrorist without knowing it. Your plan maybe effective but without proper funding and cooperation from the different department and organization of the community and the government then the plan will not be successful. As mentioned above the following factors are important education, training, community cooperation and funds. To achieve the foresee future of policing the combination of the above factors should be present in planning. Since terrorism is an international concern it is best to be up dated on convention and seminars on new preventive measures that the different countries are doing to fight and stop the increasing number of terrorism. Prevention is better than battling with these terrorist. If the police force where able to prevent such act before it will take place then million of people will be safe. As what medical personnel would say â€Å"Prevention is better than cure.† Police force can also adopt this phrase. Since United States are among the nation who is being attacked by terrorist it is best for them to plan policing not only today but in the future as well. Reference: Embracing the Future of Law Enforcement, Platypus Magazine, December 2007, http://www.metafuture.org/afp%20newsletter%202007.pdf Policing, Columbia Journalism Review, February 15, 1999, http://www.allbusiness.com/information/publishing-industries/166642-1.html Scheider,M., Chapman,R., April 2003, Community Policing and Terrorism http://www.homelandsecurity.org/journal/Articles/Scheider-Chapman.html Wilson, J.,May 23, 2006, Police Personnel Crisis Needs Federal Leadership http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp dyn/content/article/2006/05/22/AR2006052200886.html www.fema.gov

A Good Samaritan Law is Never a Good Idea Essay -- Argumentative Persu

A Good Samaritan Law is Never a Good Idea Less than one year ago, the largest television audience since the series finale of M*A *S*H tuned in to watch the last episode of Seinfeld As the nation watched, Jerry, Elaine, George, and Kramer said farewell with the arrest, trial, and conviction of violating a Good Samaritan law. While this made for a hilarious television show, this law itself seems to both contradict its essence as well as violate the right to freedom of choice of a citizen. The Good Samaritan law, which requires a bystander to provide aid to those who are in harm’s way if there is no apparent immediate danger to the bystander, encroaches upon the rights of a citizen. This law is an inexcusable violation of American civil liberties and should be stricken from the records, leaving only people’s moral compasses as their guide. The morality of this law is relatively simple: help those in trouble. Generally society seems to consider it a moral obligation to prevent the injury of another person, sometimes even at risk to one’s self. People who do not help others in need are frequently bad examples for the rest of the world. For example, in Charles Dickens’s classic A Christmas Carol, Ebeneezer Scrooge is infamous for his selfishness and disregard for the well-being of others such as Bob Cratchett and his family (barely paying him and not allowing him more than a day for Christmas). Scrooge’s partner, Jacob Marley, is damned for the same type of crimes. The only path to redemption for Ebeneezer is through helping others who are in need: giving food to the Cratchetts and caring for a sickly Tiny Tim. While Scrooge had a moral reason to help others, there was no Constitutional burden to do so. If the federal... ...ce call buttons more accessible to the public since many are willing to contact the law enforcement officials. Although Jerry and Elaine can not seem to provide more than a few jokes when seeing their fellow man in trouble, the majority of Americans seem to be willing to help. Despite several incidents to the contrary, the morals of most people will guide them. These less-talked-about occasions in which people called the police, yelled for help, or even tried to physically stop attackers outweigh the apathetic few. With these facts in mind, this law presents unacceptable violations of the freedom of liberty. Ultimately, then, Good Samaritan laws are both unnecessary and dangerous. Bibliography â€Å"Good Samaritan Laws are Questionable.† alt.politics.lawenforcenieflt.Ca.Com (12 October 1998) â€Å"Rapist-Murderer Case.† alt.adoption.com (03 September 1998).

Phonics Lesson Plan

Title of Your Lesson| Digraph Picture Hunt| Grade Level| 4th| Subject| Phonics- Digraphs| Summary and Rationale (Connections to Big Goal/Unit)| Students will be working with digraphs. TTW will students what sounds /ph/, /th/, and /sh/ make as a reminder and then asked to give examples. The students will then be given poster board split into three categories for each of the three digraphs and will be working in groups of three to find words and pictures in magazines that fit into the three categories.At the end of the activity, the students will present their findings as a summary and a test to make sure the activity was completed correctly. The goal of this activity will be for students to be able to recognize digraphs through pictures as words. Students will demonstrate understanding by responding to questions on whiteboards that they will hold up when questions are asked. | Classroom Scenario (small group, whole class, self-contained, resource, gen. ed. , spec. ed. nclusion)| This activity will be done with the entire class of fifteen, but students will be broken up into five groups of three. | PRETEACHING TASKS/PLANNING| | Common Core State Standards (CCSS)| 4. RF. 3Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding words. a. Use combined knowledge of all letter-sound correspondences, syllabication patterns, and morphology (e. g. , roots and affixes) to read accurately unfamiliar multisyllabic words in context and out of context. Objectives (One to two at most. TSW or TSWBAT†¦)(What will your students be able to do? What will students know by the end of this lesson? )| Students will be able to recognize /ph/, /th/, and /sh/ sounds through pictures and words in magazines allowing for easier recognition in real-life| Evaluation/Assessment (Is your assessment intimately aligned to your lesson’s objectives and standards? How will you know whether your students have made progress toward the objective? How and when will you assess mastery?Describe the task, the criteria/rubric, worksheet, check sheet, and goal for mastery. )| Students will be working together to find pictures and words in magazines that correspond to the digraphs we are concentrating on. When the students present their boards, the teacher will know whether or not they have understood what the sounds sound like and if they were able to identify them through pictures and words found in magazines. | Materials Needed (Graphic organizers, specific books, readers, word wall, sound counters, SMARTBoard, etc. )| Whiteboard, magazines, scissors, poster paper, glue| Accommodations/Modifications to be provided/Explicit Differentiated Instructional Strategies| * One-on-one time with teacher will be available for students struggling with the sounds * For differentiated instruction, TTW provide pictures of words and the student will sort them into categories based on their digraph * Another differentiated instruction activity will allow students to write l ists of words in columns that are appropriate for certain digraphs and sound letter relationships. INSTRUCTIONAL PLAN PRELESSSON SUMMARY (WRITTEN REFLECTION)| SEE ATTACHED RESPONSE BELOW. | TEACHING PROCEDURES| | Building Background (Opener/Hook/Anticipatory Set) (How does this lesson connect to previous lessons/objectives taught? What visuals, video, or text reminders will you use? How you will excite students about the learning that will take place? How will you engage students in the language of the lesson’s objective(s)? Explain. )| When they break of into groups students will be excited that they get to work with their friends to go on an â€Å"in-class scavenger hunt†.TTW let the students know that they will be going on a scavenger hunt to find the sounds that have been written on the whiteboard. The word â€Å"digraph† will be introduced and gone over for students who do not remember it. To help the students remember the function of the digraph, the teach er will ask them to give me a few examples of words with the /ph/, /th/, and /sh/ sounds in them before beginning the activity. | Introduction of New Material (What 3 – 5 key points do you want to emphasize? How/what will you model for students?How will you ensure that students actively take in information presented? )| – Emphasize the specific digraphs previously mentioned – Show students that pairs of letters come together to make sounds in forming words – Allow students the opportunity to choose one word they found a picture for and spell it on the board for the other students to see the digraph pattern and picture they found| Guided Practice/Small Group Lesson Activities (This is where you practice your objective with students.How will you ensure that all students have multiple opportunities to practice? How will you scaffold practice exercise from easy to difficult? How will you monitor and correct student performance? )| The teacher will be walking around from group to group to check for group and individual understanding. TTW will look at the words they have found so far and make sure they are appropriate for the activity. If words are not matching the digraphs being used, TTW will explain why and help them find words that will work.Each group will be presenting so no student will be left out of the process. This exercise itself is self-contained so students will be doing as much as they can with out the help of a teacher. | Independent Practice (This is where you specifically evidence your objective’s goal (s) with the same activity but different items/prompts for individual assessment. How will the students apply the new knowledge they have learned? )| Each student will have pictures that TTW will provide to sort into piles based on their digraph.TTW will walk around and check the piles. To be able to check for entire class understanding, students will respond to activity related questions on whiteboards. | Lesson Cl osure (How will students summarize what they learned? How will students be asked to state or show the significance of what they have learned? How will you provide all students with opportunities to demonstrate mastery, or progress toward mastery of the objective? How will you specifically review your lesson’s objectives? * TTW will review the digraphs we have focused onTo summarize what we have learned, TTW will say a word and ask for a thumbs up or a thumbs down based on the word the teacher provided and whether it has a digraph sound or not| Extensions (How might you provide opportunities for extension? )| The teacher could make a class bulletin board with a bubble surrounding the three digraphs that we are focusing on. Students can find pictures at home that have those sounds and cut them out and bring them in to add to our class bulletin board. Bloom’s Taxonomy Levels Achieved in the Lesson. Please justify. (Found in your Instructional Plans Folders 1 & 2)| Remembe r, Recognizing, Recalling- Students will be working from long-term memory to retrieve knowledge from past lessons to complete this activity Understanding- Students will know which category to put their words and pictures into on their poster board by sorting their words and pictures by digraph Applying- The students will be taking knowledge they learned in one format and applying it to a new and different activity|